Additionally, military technological advances (e.g., GPS technology, drone technology, biotelemetry) have provided conservation scientists with novel tools for research. Interestingly, military activity was beneficial under specific conditions, such as when an exclusion zone was generated that generally resulted in population increases and (or) population recovery an observation noted in both terrestrial and aquatic systems. In some instances, even in the face of massive alterations to ecosystem structure, recovery was possible. Dramatic habitat alteration, environmental pollution, and disturbance contributed to population declines and biodiversity losses arising from both acute and chronic effects in both terrestrial and aquatic systems. Overall, the aforementioned activities were found to have overwhelmingly negative effects on ecosystem structure and function. We focus on the effects of direct conflict, nuclear weapons, military training, and military produced contaminants.
Here we review the potential consequences of modern war and military activities on ecosystem structure and function. War is an ever-present force that has the potential to alter the biosphere.
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